The Use of "Goodly"

Generally, when somebody asks how you're doing, you would say

"I'm well, thank you."

However, can you describe a noun and using the word "good", followed with a verb (without using "well")? For example,

The table was goodly crafted

Also, what are some other ways you can use the word "goodly"? Seeing the dictionary definition, it seems that it is used to describe size, although it is rare that I see "goodly" in context.

No, you cannot say that. Goodly does not mean well.

The only non-obsolete sense remaining is as an adjective meaning considerable, as in a goodly amount. It’s still not a common word.

To defer to Oxford English Dictionary's authority means acknowledging an adverbial meaning that would directly apply to the OP's example sentence; A definition which is marked neither obsolete nor archaic.

adv. 2 a. In a good, noble, or valiant manner; (more generally) excellently, well.

Ex: 1992 D. A. Willson REMF Returns 43 How's old Long Binh been treating me? Not badly and not goodly.

The phrase is certainly uncommon, but I would disagree with the sentiment that "you cannot say that" given historical context. Instead, I argue that you should only use the term with a thorough awareness of its rare use and with the knowledge that it may take readers or listeners by surprise.