How did "sinister", the Latin word for "left-handed", get its current meaning?
Sinister is the Latin word for left-handed. What evolution of meaning turned left-handed into evil and threatening?
Solution 1:
In the past, to be left-handed was considered touched by the Devil. As Wikipedia notes:
Historically, the left side, and subsequently left-handedness, was considered negative in many cultures. The Latin word sinistra originally meant "left" but took on meanings of "evil" or "unlucky" by the Classical Latin era, and this double meaning survives in European derivatives of Latin, and in the English word "sinister".
Meanings gradually developed from use of these terms in the ancient languages. In many modern European languages, including English, the word for the direction "right" also means "correct" or "proper", and also stands for authority and justice. In most Slavic languages the root prav is used in words carrying meanings of correctness or justice.
So, if you were left-handed or sinister, you were associated with evil. In time, sinister itself meant evil and threatening. EtymOnline said that sinister attained this meaning in the early 15th century. The OED supports this, writing that the first uses of sinister to mean malicious were:
1474 Rolls of Parl. VI. 110/1 Contynuyn in habundaunce of goodes and havour, to their sinister pleasure.
1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 7, Leste ye be let or withdrawen ther fro by eny sinistre or euil temptacion.
Solution 2:
This goes back to the art of divination the early Romans named avspecium (coined after aves "birds" and specio "I watch" => specious). Bird-watching the Roman way so to speak.
One way auspices would use to guess good and bad omens was to watch which direction some auspicious types of birds like ravens, crows or eagles were flying by. These birds were supposed to play the role of messengers of the gods. Here is a nice study of this type of divination.
This was also practised in Ancient Greece and named οἰωνίζομαι (ornithomancy).
If birds were flying by on your right this was good omen. On the left (sinistra) that was bad omen.
The word sinistre was already a synonym of bad omen in Old French but had lost the meaning of "left" when it was introduced into Middle English.
In Italian though it still has both meanings.
Edit
As FumbleFinger rightly observes, right handed people have a natural tendency to associate negative sensations to their left-hand side. Yet the question was about the word sinister which can be traced back to Latin.
The etymological path, as far as I understand it, is as follows:
1a. Early Ancient Greek σκαιὀς, "left, awkward, ill-omen",
1b. Latin scaevus, "left, ill-omen",
2. Latin sinister, "on the left hand side, ill-omen",
3. Old French senestre/*sinistre*, "sinister" occasionally "awkward".
Left is already gauche in the 13th century - origin obscure,
4. Middle English ca 1400: sinister "unfavourable", "deceitful, prejudicial, dishonest".
Also consider the following points:
- A considerable number of languages have the "awkward" sense associated with the word for "left" but very few of them also have the sense of "ill omen".
- The Latin public and private life was heavily influenced by superstitions. For instance the reason why the Roman calendar evolved from lunar to solar is because of the drift accumulated by having only 29 and 31 days months. An even number of days per month was ill-omen, so that there were no 30 days months before the Julian calendar.
- Now that divination is much less prevalent, most Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, French and Romanian for instance) have lost the coupling between left and ill-omen (but still retain the awkward sense).
Another curiosity I'd like to mention is that the aforementioned Early Ancient Greek word for left (σκαιὀς, "skaios") and its Latin cognate (scaevus) seem to come from a Proto Indo European root for shadow (same etymology actually as "shadow" itself): (PIE *skeh2-i-uo-, via Pt Italic *skaiwo) which is to compare to several other Indo European languages (various Celtic languages, Greek, Lithuanian, Sanskrit, Avestan) in which right-hand side also means southwards.
There is a lot of evidence suggesting that ancient Indo Europeans and Semites orientated themselves facing eastwards (like old maps do) because this is where the sun rises in the morning.
In the northern hemisphere, when one faces eastwards the sun is always on the right-hand side and one's shadow is thus always on the left-hand side, which explains the relation in some antique words for left with similar words for shadow.
Solution 3:
I'm surprised that the answers so far haven't mentioned two factors, neither of them decisive but both relevant.
First, it's not so long ago that left-handed schoolchildren were punished for their 'wilful disobedience' in writing with the wrong hand; this was either because they made the rows of children writing at desks look untidy or because, with fountain pens universal, covering the new words with your hand (as lefties do in left-to-right writing) causes smudges. [Choose your preferred explanation: both can be found in convincing sources].
And mediaeval heraldry used the bar sinister as a mark of illegitimacy. 'Sinister' here meant only 'starting from the left, the unusual side', and the mark was a practical and non-judgmental "document" in pre-literate times. Fathers and legitimate children, however, saw such people as a threat to their position, and thought them unpleasant if not positively sinister.
Solution 4:
Please permit me to add to the other helpful answers by partially extracting from further references; please read the links for the complete content. I have not extracted from http://www.word-detective.com/2012/01/right-left/ to save space, but it may aid.
Linguistics SE also features this similar question.
By Prof Anatoly Liberman
There is something righteous about the right hand: it is supposed to point in the right direction and do everything right. In older Indo-European, even a special word existed for “right hand,” as evidenced by Greek dexios (stress on the last syllable), Latin dexter, and others. A strong association connects the right hand with the south and the left hand with the north. Someone standing with his face turned to the rising sun (for example, while praying), will have his right hand stretched to the south and his left hand to the north. Old Irish tuath meant both “north” and “left” (when facing east). This case is not unique. Here is a variant of the most common definition of “left” in our dictionaries: “Connected with that part of the body which is situated to the west when one faces north.” Compare right: “straight, direct, not curved or bent; further from the main part of the heart.” In an old post on the etymology of north, I discussed the tie between the concepts “left” and “north” and the possibility of explaining north as meaning “left.” If Sanskrit naraka- “the kingdom of the dead” is related to Engl. north (which is uncertain), we can assume that in the opinion of the ancient Indians the Other Word was a cold place, rather than hell with its eternal fire, frying pans, and boiling pots, as we see it in medieval European pictures. Reference to “down” in north and some words for “left” cannot be excluded either. But the most noticeable thing is the paucity of Indo-European words for “right hand,” as opposed to the abundance of names coined for its opposite.
[...] [See more at: http://blog.oup.com/2010/09/left-hand/#sthash.X691KeE8.dpuf]
In the study of origins, it was always better to be "right" than wrong, or even "left"!
Words associated with the right side are generally complimentary or have signified something desirable, but those pointing to the left are quite the opposite. For example, even in modern times, everyone tries to get up on the "right" side of the bed and hopes to stay on the "right" side of one's boss; that is, if the person is in his/her "right" mind.
Other languages reflect the same bias in favor of the right and against the left. In Latin, the word for "right" is dexter, from which has come the English word dexterous or dextrous; meaning "skillful". This is what a person who uses the "right" hand is expected to be.
An ambidextrous person should be even more skillful, since he is described as having two "right hands.
On the other hand, the Latin sinister is the left hand, that is, the wrong hand. Furthermore, left-handers were thought to be unlucky.
In Roman augury, or fortune telling, birds that appeared on the left side were interpreted as being bad luck; however, those on the right side presaged good luck. Now, in modern English applications, sinister means evil or ominous. [...]