Extracting mantissa and exponent from double in c#

Is there any straightforward way to get the mantissa and exponent from a double in c# (or .NET in general)?

I found this example using Google, but I'm not sure how robust it would be. Could the binary representation for a double change in some future version of the framework, etc?

The other alternative I found was to use System.Decimal instead of double and use the Decimal.GetBits() method to extract them.

Any suggestions?

Solution 1:

The binary format shouldn't change - it would certainly be a breaking change to existing specifications. It's defined to be in IEEE754 / IEC 60559:1989 format, as Jimmy said. (C# 3.0 language spec section 1.3; ECMA 335 section 8.2.2). The code in DoubleConverter should be fine and robust.

For the sake of future reference, the relevant bit of the code in the example is:

public static string ToExactString (double d)
{
    …

    // Translate the double into sign, exponent and mantissa.
    long bits = BitConverter.DoubleToInt64Bits(d);
    // Note that the shift is sign-extended, hence the test against -1 not 1
    bool negative = (bits & (1L << 63)) != 0;
    int exponent = (int) ((bits >> 52) & 0x7ffL);
    long mantissa = bits & 0xfffffffffffffL;

    // Subnormal numbers; exponent is effectively one higher,
    // but there's no extra normalisation bit in the mantissa
    if (exponent==0)
    {
        exponent++;
    }
    // Normal numbers; leave exponent as it is but add extra
    // bit to the front of the mantissa
    else
    {
        mantissa = mantissa | (1L << 52);
    }

    // Bias the exponent. It's actually biased by 1023, but we're
    // treating the mantissa as m.0 rather than 0.m, so we need
    // to subtract another 52 from it.
    exponent -= 1075;

    if (mantissa == 0) 
    {
        return negative ? "-0" : "0";
    }

    /* Normalize */
    while((mantissa & 1) == 0) 
    {    /*  i.e., Mantissa is even */
        mantissa >>= 1;
        exponent++;
    }

    …
}

The comments made sense to me at the time, but I'm sure I'd have to think for a while about them now. After the very first part you've got the "raw" exponent and mantissa - the rest of the code just helps to treat them in a simpler fashion.

Solution 2:

The representation is a IEEE standard and shouldn't change.

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.double(v=vs.110).aspx

The Double type complies with the IEC 60559:1989 (IEEE 754) standard for binary floating-point arithmetic.

EDIT: The reason why decimal has a getBits and double does not is that decimal preserves significant digits. 3.0000m == 3.00m but the exponents/mantissas are actually different. I think floats/doubles are uniquely represented.