How does facebook rewrite the source URL of a page in the browser address bar?
Go to http://www.facebook.com/facebook?v=wall, then click on the info tab. The content will be loaded, and the address bar now becomes http://www.facebook.com/facebook?v=info but the webpage didn't reload.
At first I think it is Ajax, but my question is, how do you change the address bar without reloading? I know I can change anchor (#wall) using JS but querystring (?v=wall), how?
It's using HTML5's new history.pushState() feature to allow the page to masquerade as being at a different URL to that from which it was originally fetched.
This seems only to be supported by WebKit at the moment, which is why the rest of us are seeing ?v=wall#!/facebook?v=info instead of ?v=info.
The feature allows dynamically-loaded pages to be properly bookmarked, exchanged etc between JS-supporting and non-JS-supporting user agents. Because if you as a JS user linked someone to ?v=wall#!/facebook?v=info and their browser didn't support JS and XMLHttpRequest, the page wouldn't work for them. The #! is also used as a tip to search engines to download the non-AJAX version.
@Snoob - I'd appreciate it if you accepted @bobince's answer instead, he's was on the right track about the specifics first here. Since I can't delete/remove this until it's unaccepted I'll update it to be as correct as possible.
At the moment it's a WebKit (Chrome, Safari, etc.) specific thing you're seeing (or rather, not seeing), as @bobince points out in other browsers you can see the real URL in the bar:
http://www.facebook.com/facebook?v=wall#!/facebook?v=info\
Where Chrome just shows:
http://www.facebook.com/facebook?v=info
It makes a bit of sense, given this is how you make AJAX Content crawlable with the Google search engine, so their browser recognizes where the content comes from as well.
Correction on the specifics: Webkit browsers are showing the shortened URL facebook wants using the HTML 5 history features you can see the code here (take a look at the HistoryManager) in this case specifically they're using .replaceState() to replace the URL you went to with the direct one available.
Note: This answer may not be valid later (the WebKit specific bit), as other browsers support HTML5 features more and more this may become outdated quickly.