Is there a shortcut to find a Taylor series not centered at 0 with a Taylor series centered at 0?

There is no simple formula in general. You can't even find the value of $f(a)$ without using all the Taylor coefficients of the series around $x=0$.

However, in the case of $\ln$, you can say $$ \ln(2+x) = \ln(2 (1+x/2)) = \ln(2) + \ln(1+x/2)$$ and substitute $x/2$ for $t$ in the series of $\ln(1+t)$.

Given the equation

$y=f(x)$ with a Taylor series $y=\sum_k c_kx^k$ about $x=0,$ the equation function about $x=a$ is $y=f(x-a).$ Hence the Taylor series of this about $x=a$ is $$\sum_k d_k(x-a)^k.$$

In the case where $d_k\ne c_k,$ it is clearly not a neat problem.

The Taylor's series centered at $x=0$ is

$f(x)=f(0)+\frac{x}{1!}f'(0)+\frac{x^2}{2!}f''(0)+........$

The Taylor's series centered at $x=a$ is $f(x)=f(a)+\frac{(x-a)}{1!}f'(a)+\frac{(x-a)^2}{2!}f''(a)+........$

The problem is that there is no shortcut to predict the derivative $f'(a)$ if $f'(0)$ is known without computing the derivatives at $x=a$. Hence even for the same function $f(x)$, the task doesn't allow you to find some short cut.