Test whether a user has sudo privileges without requiring user input

I'm afraid the only thing you can test is if the user has sudo privileges without a password.

Execute

sudo -n true

If $? is 0, the user has sudo access without a password, if $? is 1, the user needs a password.

If you need verification for a specific program, change true with your program, in a way the program doesn't do anything, like chmod --help

If you have one user with sudo access, like "root", you can use it to check other logins. As the user with access run:

sudo -n -l -U foo 2>&1 | egrep -c -i "not allowed to run sudo|unknown user"

If it returns zero, "foo" has access. Otherwise, it doesn't have sudo access.

sudo -l

That should give you enough to decide if you have the privs you want/need.

I know that this is a super old question, but I found luck with the -n (non-interactive) flag and -v / -l. But, you do have to inspect the output:

$ sudo -vn && sudo -ln  #User with cached credentials
User adminuser may run the following commands on computername:
    (ALL) ALL
$ sudo -vn && sudo -ln  #User who _can_ sudo but isn't cached
sudo: a password is required
$ sudo -vn && sudo -ln  #User who can't at all
Sorry, user nonadmin may not run sudo on computername.

Some output-redirection and grepping will get you there, probably:

if (sudo -vn && sudo -ln) 2>&1 | grep -v 'may not' > /dev/null; then
  #they're cool
  exit 0 #Or, whatever
fi