Minecraft: Change item name color without affecting locale
Solution 1:
You can use a translate JSON tag to automatically use the translated text of the identifier you choose, then modify that however you like:
/give @s diamond_sword{display:{Name:"{\"translate\":\"item.minecraft.diamond_sword\",\"color\":\"red\"}"}}
It even changes its description dynamically when switching languages, so it doesn't just resolve once and then stay like that.
You can find all identifiers (like item.minecraft.diamond_sword) in the .jar file of the version you play, under assets/minecraft/lang/en_us.json.