If $e^A$ and $e^B$ commute, do $A$ and $B$ commute?
Solution 1:
No. Let $$A=\begin{pmatrix}2\pi i&0\\0&0\end{pmatrix}$$ and note that $e^A=I$. Let $B$ be any matrix that does not commute with $A$.
Solution 2:
Here's an example over $\mathbb{R}$, modeled after Harald's answer: let $$A=\pmatrix{0&-2\pi\\ 2\pi&0}.$$ Again, $e^A=I$. Now choose any $B$ that doesn't commute with $A$.