"If I would go there, I would be in trouble" - correct?

No, the pattern used among English native speakers is as you say:

If I [past tense], I would [infinitive]

Because of native language influence on second language speakers, you may sometimes see "would" in both parts of the sentence, but it's not native usage.

N.B. This doesn't mean that "if I" is never followed by "would" ever ever in English (there seems to be some confusion about this given the corpus examples cited by @kiamlaluno), just that it generally isn't in this particular pattern with the intended meaning. Clearly you can construct other grammatical sentences of English, involving different structures/uses of "would", which do contain the sequence "if I would". ("Every time he asked if I would be able to help, I had to decline.")

(On a theoretical note, I am one of those that would avoid the idea of calling the past tense a "subjunctive" here: it's far from clear that English has a subjunctive paradigm.)

I found an article which might be of interest:

Ishihara, Noriko. 2003. "I Wish I Would Have Known!": The Usage of Would Have in Past Counterfactual If- and Wish-Clauses. Issues in Applied Linguistics 14(1):21-48. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5wd0w3sz

The author investigates native speakers' perception and use of sentences like "If I would have known, I would have told you," which are widely considered to be wrong but which are produced nonetheless. There is an extensive study of how the topic is treated in grammar books and ESL material, as well as examples of these formations in literature and dialect.