Minecraft blocks disappearing

Every time I mine a block in Minecraft the newest Version "vanilla Minecraft no mods just straight Minecraft" I was able to mine the block, but said block just vanished. It wasn't in my inventory or on the ground, it just went poof.
Can anyone tell me why or how I fix said problem?

It could be that you don't have the correct tool to mine the block but can still break it. For example, you can break stone found in the world however it will take a while to break it and you will receive nothing. I would suggest having a look at the following guide if this is the case: Beginner's Guide.

If that is not the issue, it could be that your gamemode is set to 'Creative' in which case you will need to go about creating a new world or enabling cheats and changing your gamemode using the following command: /gamemode survival. You can enable cheats by going to the menu, selecting 'Open to LAN' and enabling the cheats option.