The ordering of word pairs: anyone for chips and fish?
When we list pairs of words, certain orders seem much more common and natural than others.
A few examples:
- Fish and chips instead of chips and fish
- Ladies and gentlemen instead of gentlemen and ladies (likewise, men and women instead of women and men)
- I'm sure we've all (?) had those disagreements about whether it's Rob and Salma or Salma and Rob (or whatever)
In most of these cases though, I struggle to rationalise why one order sounds more 'right' than another.
Is it purely a historical accident that one order is more common than another? Or are there subtle linguistic rules that are responsible?
They are often referred to as irreversible binomials and their fixed order is generally due to conventional usage:
- A noun phrase consisting of two nouns joined by a conjunction, in which the conventional order is fixed. Examples include bread and butter and kith and kin. (ODO)
also:
Siamese twins (also irreversible binomials,binomials, binomial pairs, freezes):
- in the context of the English language refer to a pair or group of words used together as an idiomatic expression or collocation, usually conjoined by the words and or or. The order of elements cannot be reversed. The expressions hammer and sickle (two nouns), short and sweet (two adjectives), and do or die (two verbs) are various examples of Siamese twins. When the two words are of equal weight and importance, the balanced binomial is also a bicolon. (Wikipedia)
For example:
Spick and span:
Some clue might come from the fact that the phrase is very old and was originally spick and span-new. This is cited in Sir Thomas North's translation of Plutarch's Lives of the noble Grecians and Romanes, 1579:
- "They were all in goodly gilt armours, and brave purple cassocks apon them, spicke, and spanne newe." (The Phrase Finder)
This article seems to explain it and some of the rules that apply
http://www.cambridge.org/elt/blog/2017/08/31/chips-and-fish-word-order-in-english-collocations/
In logical order. As we might expect, there is a logic to a lot of these collocations. Examples include first and second (and other number sequences), cause and effect, old and new, crime and punishment, (mind your) Ps and Qs.
The semantically bigger or better thing comes first: fish and chips, bacon and eggs, meat and vegetables.
Examples of the better thing first include: good and bad, highs and lows, dos and don’ts, pros and cons. This pattern can sometimes seem to be the opposite of the first rule, e.g. a higher number is bigger than a smaller one, but this rule is not applied to words which can be put in a logical sequence.Longest last: The longer (or “heavier” to pronounce) word goes last. There are a lot of collocations which seem to obey this rule. Examples include salt and pepper, cloak and dagger, cause and effect, men and women, ladies and gentlemen, cream and sugar. This rule seems to take lower priority than the other rules and often overlaps with them. It may arise from the need to put more complicated words or ideas after simpler ones.
Male often goes before female, e.g. men and women, he and she, his and hers, Mr and Mrs, brothers and sisters, Dear Sir or Madam. There are exceptions, e.g. ladies and gentlemen, (which follows the longest last rule) mum and dad and aunt and uncle.
Some of the Siamese twins follow rules similar to those of adjective order. E.g. we say tall and thin just like we say “a tall thin man” rather than “thin tall man”