What is the linguistic term used when a place is associated with building or historical figure(s)

Metonymy — Wikipedia

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is called not by its own name but rather by the name of something associated in meaning with that thing or concept.

For instance, Wall Street is often used metonymically to describe the U.S. financial and corporate banking sector, while Hollywood is used as a metonym for the U.S. film industry because of the fame and cultural identity of Hollywood, a district of the city of Los Angeles, California, as the historical center of American film studios and U.S. film stars.

_{See also: List of metonyms on Wikipedia}

From English Practice,

The word metonymy means ‘substitution of name’. An object may have several attributes. Metonymy involves the substitution of one of these attributes for the name of the object itself.

Study the example sentences given below:

"The crown has lost much of its power." (crown = the king/monarch)
"The kettle is boiling." (It is not the kettle but the water in it that is boiling.)
"Please address the chair." (chair = the chairman)