Is there a particular term for adjectives like "bovine", "ursine", "simian" etc?
Your examples are "derived adjectives"; that is, they are derived ("drawn", "taken") from nouns (or verbs).
They look "technical" because they go back to Greek and Latin terms for the animals, often transmitted to English via French - for example "bovine": 1817, from French bovin (14c.), from Late Latin bovinus, from Latin bos (genitive bovis) "ox, cow," from PIE *gwous- (see cow (n.)). Figurative sense of "inert and stupid" is from 1855. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bovine