How to recursively find a .doc file that contains a specific word?

Use find for recursive searches:

find -name '*.doc' -exec catdoc {} + | grep "specificword"

This will also output the file name:

find -name '*.doc' | while read -r file; do
    catdoc "$file" | grep -H --label="$file" "specificword"
done

_{(Normally I would use find ... -print0 | while read -rd "" file, but there's maybe a .0001% chance that it would be necessary, so I stopped caring.)}

You might want to look at recoll which is a full-text search tool for Linux and Unix systems supporting many different document formats. However, it is index-based, i.e., it has to index the documents you want to search in before the actual search. (Thanks to pabouk for pointing this out).

There is a GUI and a command line, too.

See the documentation for further infos.