Is there a way to recover bookmarks after Chrome Sync deletes them?

According to this Google Help forum post:

For Windows XP, go to: C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Local Settings\Application Data\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default.

For Vista, go to: C:\Users\Administrator\Local Settings\Application Data\Google\Chrome\User Data\Default.

You can see a file named Bookmarks.bak. Maybe you can make a backup copy of this folder for safety purposes, but it works out usually. Delete the file Bookmarks and rename the file Bookmarks.bak to Bookmarks.

Additionally to the other answers, in Ubuntu/Mint you can find the bookmarks in:

.config/google-chrome/Default/Bookmarks.bak