Do you still get random world-spawn dragons after you kill Alduin?

Solution 1:

Based on experience¹, killing Alduin doesn't kill all of the dragons, so you will still find dragons roaming the province of Skyrim on your next adventure.

The goal of the game wasn't to just get rid of ALL² of the dragons. It was to only kill Alduin.

Killing Alduin only ends the Main Questline.

¹The results might not work with everyone else.

²There are some other certain dragons besides Alduin that you have to kill in order to advance in the Main Questline.

Solution 2:

No, killing Alduin does not wipe out all dragons. Dragons with names and dragons at word walls can only be killed once.