Calculate $\int_0^\infty\frac{\sin^3{x}}{e^x-1}\mathrm dx$

Solution 1:

Note that $\sin^3 x = \frac34 \sin x- \frac14 \sin(3x)$, and for any $a\in\mathbb{R}$, $$\begin{align} \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{\sin(ax)}{e^x - 1} dx &= \int_{0}^{\infty} \frac{\sin (ax) e^{-x}}{1 - e^{-x}} dx = \int_{0}^{\infty} \left( \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sin(ax) \, e^{-nx} \right) dx \\ &=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \int_{0}^{\infty} \sin (ax) \, e^{-nx} \; dx = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{a}{n^2+a^2}. \end{align}.$$ Hence $$\int_0^\infty\frac{\sin^3 x}{e^x-1}dx=\frac{3}{4}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left(\frac{1}{n^2+1}-\frac{1}{n^2+9}\right).$$ In order to find a closed formula see How to sum $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n^2 + a^2}$?

Solution 2:

$$\sin^3 x=\dfrac34\sin x-\dfrac14\sin3x$$

with zeta function definition $\displaystyle\int_0^\infty\dfrac{u^{x-1}}{e^u-1}du=\Gamma(x)\zeta(x)$, and $\sin$ expansion one may write \begin{align} \int_0^\infty\dfrac{\sin^3x}{e^x-1}dx &= \dfrac34\int_0^\infty\dfrac{\sin x}{e^x-1}dx-\dfrac14\int_0^\infty\dfrac{\sin3x}{e^x-1}dx \\ &= \sum_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac34\dfrac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!}\int_0^\infty\dfrac{x^{2n+1}}{e^x-1}dx-\sum_{n=0}^\infty\dfrac14\dfrac{(-1)^n3^{2n+1}}{(2n+1)!}\int_0^\infty\dfrac{x^{2n+1}}{e^x-1}dx \\ &= -\dfrac{3}{4}\sum_{n=1}^\infty i^{2n}\zeta(2n)+\dfrac{1}{12}\sum_{n=1}^\infty (3i)^{2n}\zeta(2n) \\ &= -\dfrac{3}{4}\frac12\left(1-\pi i\cot\pi i\right) + \dfrac{1}{12}\frac12\left(1-3\pi i\cot3\pi i\right)\\ &= \color{blue}{-\dfrac13 + \dfrac{3}{8}\pi \coth\pi - \dfrac{1}{8}\pi \coth3\pi} \end{align} which we used $\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^\infty x^{2n}\zeta(2n)=\dfrac12\left(1-\pi x\cot\pi x\right)$.

Solution 3:

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Note that $\ds{\int_{0}^{\infty}{\sin^{3}\pars{x} \over \expo{x} - 1}\,\dd x = {3 \over 4}\int_{0}^{\infty}{\sin\pars{x} \over \expo{x} - 1}\,\dd x - {1 \over 4}\int_{0}^{\infty}{\sin\pars{3x} \over \expo{x} - 1}\,\dd x}$

Lets apply the Abel-Plana Formula to the sum $\ds{\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty}\expo{-2\pi an}}$ where $\ds{a > 0}$. Note that $\ds{\expo{-2\pi a\,\Re\pars{z} - 2\pi a\,\Im\pars{z}\ic}\expo{-2\pi\verts{a}\verts{\Im\pars{z}}} \to 0}$ as $\ds{\Im\pars{z} \to \pm\infty}$. \begin{align} \left.\sum_{n = 0}^{\infty}\expo{-2\pi an}\right\vert_{\ a\ >\ 0} & = \int_{0}^{\infty}\expo{-2\pi ax}\dd x + \left.{1 \over 2}\expo{-2\pi an}\right\vert_{\ n\ =\ 0} - 2\int_{0}^{\infty}{\Im\pars{\expo{-2\pi a\pars{\ic x}}} \over \expo{2\pi x} - 1}\,\dd x \\[5mm] \implies{1 \over 1 - \expo{-2\pi a}} & = {1 \over 2\pi a} + {1 \over 2} + 2\int_{0}^{\infty}{\sin\pars{2\pi ax} \over \expo{2\pi x} - 1}\,\dd x \\[5mm] \implies{1 \over 1 - \expo{-2\pi a}} & = {1 \over 2\pi a} + {1 \over 2} + {1 \over \pi}\int_{0}^{\infty}{\sin\pars{ax} \over \expo{x} - 1}\,\dd x \\[5mm] \implies & \bbx{\int_{0}^{\infty}{\sin\pars{ax} \over \expo{x} - 1}\,\dd x = {\pi a\coth\pars{\pi a} - 1 \over 2a}} \end{align}

which leads to

$$ \bbx{\int_{0}^{\infty}{\sin^{3}\pars{x} \over \expo{x} - 1}\,\dd x = {3 \over 8}\,\pi\coth\pars{\pi} - {1 \over 8}\,\pi\coth\pars{3\pi} - {1 \over 3}} \approx 0.4565 $$

Solution 4:

$$ \sin^3 x = \frac 14\left(3\sin x-\sin(3x)\right)\\ \frac{1}{e^x-1} = e^{-x}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}e^{-kx}\;\;\mbox{with }\;\; x > 0 $$

then

$$ \int_0^\infty\frac{\sin^3{x}}{e^x-1}\,\mathrm dx = \frac 14\int_0^{\infty}\left(\left(3\sin x-\sin(3x)\right)e^{-x}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}e^{-kx}\right) \mathrm dx $$

now adding

$$ \frac 14\int_0^{\infty}\left(\left(3\cos x-\cos(3x)\right)e^{-x}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}e^{-kx}\right) \mathrm dx+ i\left(\frac 14\int_0^{\infty}\left(\left(3\sin x-\sin(3x)\right)e^{-x}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}e^{-kx}\right) \mathrm dx\right) $$

we have

$$ I = \frac 14\int_0^{\infty}\left(3e^{ix}-e^{e^{i 3x}}\right) e^{-x}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}e^{-kx} \mathrm dx $$

or

$$ I = \frac 14\left(\int_0^{\infty}3\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}e^{-(k+1-i)x}\right)\mathrm dx - \frac 14\left(\int_0^{\infty}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}e^{-(k+1-3i)x}\right)\mathrm dx $$

hence

$$ I = \frac 14\left(\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{3}{k+1-i}-\frac{1}{k+1-3i}\right) = \frac 14\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{3(k+1)}{(k+1)^2+1}-\frac{k+1}{(k+1)^2+3^2}+i\left(\frac{24}{\left((k+1)^2+1\right) \left((k+1)^2+3^2\right)}\right)\right) $$

and finally

$$ \int_0^\infty\frac{\sin^3{x}}{e^x-1}\,\mathrm dx =\frac 14\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{24}{\left((k+1)^2+1\right) \left((k+1)^2+3^2\right)}\right) = \pi \cosh ^3(\pi ) \text{csch}(3 \pi )-\frac{19}{30} $$