PHP_SELF vs PATH_INFO vs SCRIPT_NAME vs REQUEST_URI

Some practical examples of the differences between these variables:
Example 1. PHP_SELF is different from SCRIPT_NAME only when requested url is in form:
http://example.com/test.php/foo/bar

[PHP_SELF] => /test.php/foo/bar
[SCRIPT_NAME] => /test.php

(this seems to be the only case when PATH_INFO contains sensible information [PATH_INFO] => /foo/bar) Note: this used to be different in some older PHP versions (<= 5.0 ?).

Example 2. REQUEST_URI is different from SCRIPT_NAME when a non-empty query string is entered:
http://example.com/test.php?foo=bar

[SCRIPT_NAME] => /test.php
[REQUEST_URI] => /test.php?foo=bar

Example 3. REQUEST_URI is different from SCRIPT_NAME when server-side redirecton is in effect (for example mod_rewrite on apache):

http://example.com/test.php

[REQUEST_URI] => /test.php
[SCRIPT_NAME] => /test2.php

Example 4. REQUEST_URI is different from SCRIPT_NAME when handling HTTP errors with scripts.
Using apache directive ErrorDocument 404 /404error.php
http://example.com/test.php

[REQUEST_URI] => /test.php
[SCRIPT_NAME] => /404error.php

On IIS server using custom error pages
http://example.com/test.php

[SCRIPT_NAME] => /404error.php
[REQUEST_URI] => /404error.php?404;http://example.com/test.php

The PHP documentation can tell you the difference:

'PHP_SELF'

The filename of the currently executing script, relative to the document root. For instance, $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'] in a script at the address http://example.com/test.php/foo.bar would be /test.php/foo.bar. The __FILE__ constant contains the full path and filename of the current (i.e. included) file. If PHP is running as a command-line processor this variable contains the script name since PHP 4.3.0. Previously it was not available.

'SCRIPT_NAME'

Contains the current script's path. This is useful for pages which need to point to themselves. The __FILE__ constant contains the full path and filename of the current (i.e. included) file.

'REQUEST_URI'

The URI which was given in order to access this page; for instance, '/index.html'.

PATH_INFO doesn't seem to be documented...

PATH_INFO is only available when using htaccess like this:

Example 1

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^(favicon\.ico|robots\.txt)
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php/$1 [L]

Remains the same

[SCRIPT_NAME] => /index.php

Root

http://domain.com/

[PHP_SELF]     => /index.php
[PATH_INFO] IS NOT AVAILABLE (fallback to REQUEST_URI in your script)
[REQUEST_URI]  => /
[QUERY_STRING] => 

Path

http://domain.com/test

[PHP_SELF]     => /index.php/test
[PATH_INFO]    => /test
[REQUEST_URI]  => /test
[QUERY_STRING] => 

Query String

http://domain.com/test?123

[PHP_SELF]     => /index.php/test
[PATH_INFO]    => /test
[REQUEST_URI]  => /test?123
[QUERY_STRING] => 123

Example 2

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^(favicon\.ico|robots\.txt)
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php?url=$1 [L,QSA]

Remains the same

[SCRIPT_NAME]  => /index.php
[PHP_SELF]     => /index.php
[PATH_INFO] IS NOT AVAILABLE (fallback to REQUEST_URI in your script)

Root

http://domain.com/

[REQUEST_URI]  => /
[QUERY_STRING] => 

Path

http://domain.com/test

[REQUEST_URI]  => /test
[QUERY_STRING] => url=test

Query String

http://domain.com/test?123

[REQUEST_URI]  => /test?123
[QUERY_STRING] => url=test&123

Example 3

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^(favicon\.ico|robots\.txt)
RewriteRule ^(([a-z]{2})|(([a-z]{2})/)?(.*))$ index.php/$5 [NC,L,E=LANGUAGE:$2$4]

or

RewriteRule ^([a-z]{2})(/(.*))?$ $3 [NC,L,E=LANGUAGE:$1]

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !^(favicon\.ico|robots\.txt)
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ index.php/$1 [L]

Remains the same

[SCRIPT_NAME] => /index.php

Root

http://domain.com/

[PHP_SELF]          => /index.php
[PATH_INFO] IS NOT AVAILABLE (fallback to REQUEST_URI in your script)
[REQUEST_URI]       => /
[QUERY_STRING]      => 
[REDIRECT_LANGUAGE] IS NOT AVAILABLE

Path

http://domain.com/test

[PHP_SELF]          => /index.php/test
[PATH_INFO]         => /test
[REQUEST_URI]       => /test
[QUERY_STRING]      => 
[REDIRECT_LANGUAGE] => 

Language

http://domain.com/en

[PHP_SELF]          => /index.php/
[PATH_INFO]         => /
[REQUEST_URI]       => /en
[QUERY_STRING]      => 
[REDIRECT_LANGUAGE] => en

Language path

http://domain.com/en/test

[PHP_SELF]          => /index.php/test
[PATH_INFO]         => /test
[REQUEST_URI]       => /en/test
[REDIRECT_LANGUAGE] => en

Language Query string

http://domain.com/en/test?123

[PHP_SELF]          => /index.php/test
[PATH_INFO]         => /test
[REQUEST_URI]       => /en/test?123
[QUERY_STRING]      => 123
[REDIRECT_LANGUAGE] => en