Java8: Why is it forbidden to define a default method for a method from java.lang.Object

Default methods are a nice new tool in our Java toolbox. However, I tried to write an interface that defines a default version of the toString method. Java tells me that this is forbidden, since methods declared in java.lang.Object may not be defaulted. Why is this the case?

I know that there is the "base class always wins" rule, so by default (pun ;), any default implementation of an Object method would be overwritten by the method from Object anyway. However, I see no reason why there shouldn't be an exception for methods from Object in the spec. Especially for toString it might be very useful to have a default implementation.

So, what is the reason why Java designers decided to not allow default methods overriding methods from Object?

Solution 1:

This is yet another of those language design issues that seems "obviously a good idea" until you start digging and you realize that its actually a bad idea.

This mail has a lot on the subject (and on other subjects too.) There were several design forces that converged to bring us to the current design:

• The desire to keep the inheritance model simple;
• The fact that once you look past the obvious examples (e.g., turning AbstractList into an interface), you realize that inheriting equals/hashCode/toString is strongly tied to single inheritance and state, and interfaces are multiply inherited and stateless;
• That it potentially opened the door to some surprising behaviors.

You've already touched on the "keep it simple" goal; the inheritance and conflict-resolution rules are designed to be very simple (classes win over interfaces, derived interfaces win over superinterfaces, and any other conflicts are resolved by the implementing class.) Of course these rules could be tweaked to make an exception, but I think you'll find when you start pulling on that string, that the incremental complexity is not as small as you might think.

Of course, there's some degree of benefit that would justify more complexity, but in this case it's not there. The methods we're talking about here are equals, hashCode, and toString. These methods are all intrinsically about object state, and it is the class that owns the state, not the interface, who is in the best position to determine what equality means for that class (especially as the contract for equality is quite strong; see Effective Java for some surprising consequences); interface writers are just too far removed.

It's easy to pull out the AbstractList example; it would be lovely if we could get rid of AbstractList and put the behavior into the List interface. But once you move beyond this obvious example, there are not many other good examples to be found. At root, AbstractList is designed for single inheritance. But interfaces must be designed for multiple inheritance.

Further, imagine you are writing this class:

class Foo implements com.libraryA.Bar, com.libraryB.Moo { 
    // Implementation of Foo, that does NOT override equals
}

The Foo writer looks at the supertypes, sees no implementation of equals, and concludes that to get reference equality, all he need do is inherit equals from Object. Then, next week, the library maintainer for Bar "helpfully" adds a default equals implementation. Ooops! Now the semantics of Foo have been broken by an interface in another maintenance domain "helpfully" adding a default for a common method.

Defaults are supposed to be defaults. Adding a default to an interface where there was none (anywhere in the hierarchy) should not affect the semantics of concrete implementing classes. But if defaults could "override" Object methods, that wouldn't be true.

So, while it seems like a harmless feature, it is in fact quite harmful: it adds a lot of complexity for little incremental expressivity, and it makes it far too easy for well-intentioned, harmless-looking changes to separately compiled interfaces to undermine the intended semantics of implementing classes.

Solution 2:

It is forbidden to define default methods in interfaces for methods in java.lang.Object, since the default methods would never be "reachable".

Default interface methods can be overwritten in classes implementing the interface and the class implementation of the method has a higher precedence than the interface implementation, even if the method is implemented in a superclass. Since all classes inherit from java.lang.Object, the methods in java.lang.Object would have precedence over the default method in the interface and be invoked instead.

Brian Goetz from Oracle provides a few more details on the design decision in this mailing list post.