Limiting the time a program runs in Linux

Ah well. timeout(1).

DESCRIPTION
Start COMMAND, and kill it if still running after DURATION.

StackOverflow won't allow me to delete my answer since it's the accepted one. It's garnering down-votes since it's at the top of the list with a better solution below it. If you're on a GNU system, please use timeout instead as suggested by @wRAR. So in the hopes that you'll stop down-voting, here's how it works:

timeout 1s ./myProgram 

You can use s, m, h or d for seconds (the default if omitted), minutes, hours or days. A nifty feature here is that you may specify another option -k 30s (before the 1s above) in order to kill it with a SIGKILL after another 30 seconds, should it not respond to the original SIGTERM.

A very useful tool. Now scroll down and up-vote @wRAR's answer.

For posterity, this was my original - inferior - suggestion, it might still be if some use for someone.

A simple bash-script should be able to do that for you

./myProgram &
sleep 1
kill $! 2>/dev/null && echo "myProgram didn't finish"

That ought to do it.

$! expands to the last backgrounded process (through the use of &), and kill returns false if it didn't kill any process, so the echo is only executed if it actually killed something.

2>/dev/null redirects kill's stderr, otherwise it would print something telling you it was unable to kill the process.

You might want to add a -KILL or whichever signal you want to use to get rid of your process too.

EDIT
As ephemient pointed out, there's a race here if your program finishes and the some other process snatches the pid, it'll get killed instead. To reduce the probability of it happening, you could react to the SIGCHLD and not try to kill it if that happens. There's still chance to kill the wrong process, but it's very remote.

trapped=""
trap 'trapped=yes' SIGCHLD
./myProgram &
sleep 1
[ -z "$trapped" ] && kill $! 2>/dev/null && echo '...'

Maybe CPU time limit (ulimit -t/setrlimit(RLIMIT_CPU)) will help?