Word or phrase for fearing arrest/detainment/blame having done nothing wrong

Solution 1:

In psychiatry and psychology, it is called guilty ideas of reference and it actually differs from delusions of guilt which is a more severe form.

Guilty ideas of reference. Those affected feel that others are blaming them; in more severe forms they feel accused. Insight is preserved and so sufferers recognise the feeling as their own. Intense forms shade into persecutory delusions.

_{Seminars in General Adult Psychiatry (edited by George Stein, Greg Wilkinson)}

The following excerpt includes a more explicit definition and a comparison to simple ideas of reference:

Guilty ideas of reference refer to thoughts that other people are blaming them for some action or attribute, and in more severe cases may exhibit paranoid themes relate to thoughts that others are "out to get them" or punish them. On the other hand, simple ideas of reference exhibit more socially anxious themes characterized by self-consciousness and the belief that other people are taking special notice of their flaws, criticizing them, or laughing at them.

_{The moderating effects of perceived intentionality: exploring the relationships between ideas of reference, paranoia, and social anxiety in schizotypy (by Sean C.Morrison)}

Further reading for a detailed description and a comparison to simple ideas of reference, delusions of guilt and pathological guilt:

• Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms (By J. K. Wing, J. E. Cooper, N. Sartorius)

Solution 2:

This is the blight of a false conscience generating false guilt.

('Guilt' in the sense of 'feelings of guilt' rather than 'culpability'.)

See Pathwork™ Steps: Real and False Conscience, Real and False Guilt:

However, it is generally ignored that man is governed by two consciences. One is the expression of his higher or real self, the center of his being, aiming at full self‑realization. The other is a superimposed conscience that is, partly, the expression of superimposed rules and regulations, such as the dictates of public opinion, and, partly, an expression of the dictates of his private idealized self image....

The superimposed conscience, in its fear of disapproval and blind obedience to inherited and adopted outward standards, is often senseless and inhuman. Since it is created out of fear, it cannot help but breed more fear. Its principal fear is not knowing what is right or wrong, of not having a guide‑post for right conduct.

The above presents perhaps too idealised a view of man. In Christian theology in general, it is believed that the conscience is given to man as his internal moral compass, but that from the time man first chose to ignore its pointings, it malfunctions. Thus man often finds it hard to distinguish the correct course, and sometimes feels guilt inappropriately (or fails to feel it when appropriate).

Roman Catholics often use the term false conscience:

The judgment of the mind when it wrongly decides that something is lawful but that in fact is unlawful, or vice versa. The error may be due to the false principles used or because the mind was darkened or confused in its reasoning process. [Catholic Culture]