Is "America" an example of markedness?
Markedness is a term of comparison:
Markedness, a term that originated in linguistics, is the state of standing out as unusual or difficult in comparison to a more common or regular form. In a marked–unmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. The dominant default or minimum effort form is known as the unmarked form; and the other, secondary one is the marked. In other words, markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against the unit's possible "irregular" forms.
from en.wikipedia.org
- Lion is unmarked, because it is the general term that applies to all lions. Lioness is marked, because it refers to a specific subset of lions.
- Honesty is unmarked, because it is the root word. Dishonesty is marked, because it has a morphological marker.
- Old is unmarked, because it is the general term used for our scale of age. We ask how old is she as the default. Young is marked, because it refers to a specific range on the scale. We don't ask how young is she, unless we are specifically drawing attention to her youth.
- Old is also unmarked, because it is the term used for elderly people. Older is marked, because when we say: She's old, her reply is: No! I'm not old, I'm older! But on the unmarked scale older would be older than old!
Markedness depends on context. What is more marked in some general contexts may be less marked in other local contexts. Thus, "ant" is less marked than "ants" on the morphological level, but on the semantic (and frequency) levels it may be more marked since ants are more often encountered many at once than one at a time.
from en.wikipedia.org
In comparing America to America, the context determines markedness:
- Generally, America is unmarked, when it refers to all of the territory in the western hemisphere, but it is marked when it refers to North America or the USA.
- In some contexts, America is unmarked, when it refers to the continent of North America , but it is marked when it refers to the USA.
- In the United States, it could be said that America is unmarked, when it refers to the USA, and it is marked when it refers to North America or all of the territory in the western hemisphere.
In almost all contexts, dollar would refer to a specific currency where no other dollar is marked in comparison. On the other hand, since the US Dollar is the default currency on the international market, it can be said that the dollar is unmarked, and all other dollars are marked by their national connection, as well as their relationship to the US Dollar:
$10 US Dollars currently equals:
Australian Dollar: $10.88
Bahamian Dollar: $10.00
Barbadian Dollar: $20.00
Belize Dollar: $20.00
Bermudan Dollar: $10.00
Brunei Dollar: $12.68
Canadian Dollar: $10.52
Eastern Caribbean Dollar: $27.00
Fijian Dollar: $18.74
Guyana Dollar: $2,000.50
Hong Kong Dollar: $77.55
Jamaican Dollar: $1,007.00
Liberian Dollar: $745.00
Namibian Dollar: $99.00
New Zealand Dollar: $12.82
Singapore Dollar: $12.67
Solomon Islands Dollar: $71.40
Surinamese Dollar: $32.75
Taiwanese Dollar: $300.12
Trinidad and Tobago Dollar: $62.51
Zimbabwe Dollar: $3,748.00
from jaunted.com/ As of July 8,2013