Store a reference to a value type?

Solution 1:

You cannot store a reference to a variable in a field or array. The CLR requires that a reference to a variable be in (1) a formal parameter, (2) a local, or (3) the return type of a method. C# supports (1) but not the other two.

(ASIDE: It is possible for C# to support the other two; in fact I have written a prototype compiler that does implement those features. It's pretty neat. (See http://ericlippert.com/2011/06/23/ref-returns-and-ref-locals/ for details.) Of course one has to write an algorithm that verifies that no ref local could possibly be referring to a local that was on a now-destroyed stack frame, which gets a bit tricky, but its doable. Perhaps we will support this in a hypothetical future version of the language. (UPDATE: It was added to C# 7!))

However, you can make a variable have arbitrarily long lifetime, by putting it in a field or array. If what you need is a "reference" in the sense of "I need to store an alias to an arbitrary variable", then, no. But if what you need is a reference in the sense of "I need a magic token that lets me read and write a particular variable", then just use a delegate, or a pair of delegates.

sealed class Ref<T> 
{
    private Func<T> getter;
    private Action<T> setter;
    public Ref(Func<T> getter, Action<T> setter)
    {
        this.getter = getter;
        this.setter = setter;
    }
    public T Value
    {
        get { return getter(); }
        set { setter(value); }
    }
}
...
Ref<string> M() 
{
    string x = "hello";
    Ref<string> rx = new Ref<string>(()=>x, v=>{x=v;});
    rx.Value = "goodbye";
    Console.WriteLine(x); // goodbye
    return rx;
}

The outer local variable x will stay alive at least until rx is reclaimed.

Solution 2:

No - you can't store a "pointer" to a value type directly in C#.

Typically, you'd hold a reference to the Test instance containing "a" - this gives you access to a (via testInstance.a).

Solution 3:

Here is a pattern I came up with that I find myself using quite a bit. Usually in the case of passing properties as parameters for use on any object of the parent type, but it works just as well for a single instance. (doesn't work for local scope value types tho)

public interface IValuePointer<T>
{
    T Value { get; set; }
}
public class ValuePointer<TParent, TType> : IValuePointer<TType>
{
    private readonly TParent _instance;
    private readonly Func<TParent, TType> _propertyExpression;
    private readonly PropertyInfo _propInfo;
    private readonly FieldInfo _fieldInfo;

    public ValuePointer(TParent instance, 
                        Expression<Func<TParent, TType>> propertyExpression)
    {
        _instance = instance;
        _propertyExpression = propertyExpression.Compile();
        _propInfo = ((MemberExpression)(propertyExpression).Body).Member as PropertyInfo;
        _fieldInfo = ((MemberExpression)(propertyExpression).Body).Member as FieldInfo;
    }

    public TType Value
    {
        get { return _propertyExpression.Invoke(_instance); }
        set
        {
            if (_fieldInfo != null)
            {
                _fieldInfo.SetValue(_instance, value);
                return;
            }
            _propInfo.SetValue(_instance, value, null);
        }
    }
}

This can then be used like so

class Test
{
    public int a;
}
void Main()
{
    Test testInstance = new Test();
    var pointer = new ValuePointer(testInstance,x=> x.a);
    testInstance.a = 5;
    int copyOfValue = pointer.Value;
    pointer.Value = 6;
}

Notice the interface with a more limited set of template arguments, this allows you to pass the pointer to something that has no knowledge of the parent type.

You could even implement another interface with no template arguments that calls .ToString on any value type (don't forget the null check first)

Solution 4:

You can create ref-return delegate. This is similar to Erik's solution, except instead of getter and setter it use single ref-returning delegate.

You can't use it with properties or local variables, but it returns true reference (not just copy).

public delegate ref T Ref<T>();

class Test
{
    public int a;
}

static Ref<int> M()
{
    Test t = new Test();
    t.a = 10;

    Ref<int> rx = () => ref t.a;
    rx() = 5;
    Console.WriteLine(t.a); // 5
    return rx;
}