Why does my Minecraft launcher not launch the game?

Solution 1:

I had a similar problem to what you're describing (albeit probably for different reasons, as I'm running a linux setup on a Chromebook); what ended being a passable solution for me was to use Magic Launcher:

http://www.minecraftforum.net/forums/mapping-and-modding/minecraft-tools/1262884-launcher-magic-launcher-1-2-6-mods-options

It's basically a launcher made to allow for mods to easily be loaded but I basically used it to circumvent the fact that I was having a problem with the official launcher. See if that works as a workaround until someone with a better solution can help out.

If you do end up trying it, I used Magic Launcher and ran the "test" launch from the settings menu before logging in with my own account.

Good luck!