@Autowired - No qualifying bean of type found for dependency

I've started my project by creating entities, services and JUnit tests for services using Spring and Hibernate. All of this works great. Then I've added spring-mvc to make this web application using many different step-by-step tutorials, but when I'm trying to make Controller with @Autowired annotation, I'm getting errors from Glassfish during deployment. I guess that for some reason Spring doesn't see my services, but after many attempts I still can't handle it.

Tests for services with

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(locations = {"classpath:/beans.xml"})

and

@Autowired
MailManager mailManager;

works properly.

Controllers without @Autowired too, I can open my project in web browser without trouble.

/src/main/resources/beans.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
       xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop-3.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-3.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-3.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-3.0.xsd
        http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/orm http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/persistence/orm_2_0.xsd">

    <context:property-placeholder location="jdbc.properties" />
    
    <context:component-scan base-package="pl.com.radzikowski.webmail">
        <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller" />
    </context:component-scan>
    
    <!--<context:component-scan base-package="pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.service" />-->
    
    <bean id="dataSource" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
        <property name="driverClassName" value="${jdbc.driverClassName}" />
        <property name="url" value="${jdbc.url}" />
        <property name="username" value="${jdbc.username}" />
        <property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}" />
    </bean>
    
    <!-- Persistance Unit Manager for persistance options managing -->
    <bean id="persistenceUnitManager" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.persistenceunit.DefaultPersistenceUnitManager">
        <property name="defaultDataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
    </bean>

    <!-- Entity Manager Factory for creating/updating DB schema based on persistence files and entity classes -->
    <bean id="entityManagerFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.jpa.LocalContainerEntityManagerFactoryBean">
        <property name="persistenceUnitManager" ref="persistenceUnitManager"/>
        <property name="persistenceUnitName" value="WebMailPU"/>
    </bean>

    <!-- Hibernate Session Factory -->
    <bean id="sessionFactory" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
        <property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource"/>
        <!--<property name="schemaUpdate" value="true" />-->
        <property name="packagesToScan" value="pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.domain" />
        <property name="hibernateProperties">
            <props>
                <prop key="hibernate.dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQLDialect</prop>
            </props>
        </property>
    </bean>
    
    <!-- Hibernate Transaction Manager -->
    <bean id="txManager" class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.HibernateTransactionManager">
        <property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory"/>
    </bean>
    
    <!-- Activates annotation based transaction management -->
    <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="txManager"/>

</beans>

/webapp/WEB-INF/web.xml

<web-app xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="WebApp_ID" version="2.4" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd">
    <display-name>Spring Web MVC Application</display-name>
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>mvc-dispatcher</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>mvc-dispatcher</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>/WEB-INF/mvc-dispatcher-servlet.xml</param-value>
    </context-param>
    <listener>
        <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
    </listener>
</web-app>

/webapp/WEB-INF/mvc-dispatcher-servlet.xml

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
       xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-3.0.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc-3.0.xsd">
    
    <context:component-scan base-package="pl.com.radzikowski.webmail" use-default-filters="false">
        <context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller" />
    </context:component-scan>
    
    <mvc:annotation-driven/>
    
    <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
        <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/views/" />
        <property name="suffix" value=".jsp" />
    </bean>
    
</beans>

pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.service.AbstractManager

package pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.service;

import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;

/**
 * Master Manager class providing basic fields for services.
 * @author Maciej Radzikowski <[email protected]>
 */
public class AbstractManager {

    @Autowired
    protected SessionFactory sessionFactory;

    protected final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(this.getClass());

}

pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.service.MailManager

package pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.service;

import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;

@Component
@Transactional
public class MailManager extends AbstractManager {
    // some methods...
}

pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.HomeController

package pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.controller;

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.ui.ModelMap;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.service.MailManager;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/")
public class HomeController {

    @Autowired
    public MailManager mailManager;

    @RequestMapping(value = "/", method = RequestMethod.GET)
    public String homepage(ModelMap model) {
        return "homepage";
    }

}

Error:

SEVERE: Exception while loading the app
SEVERE: Undeployment failed for context /WebMail
SEVERE: Exception while loading the app : java.lang.IllegalStateException: ContainerBase.addChild: start: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'homeController': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: public pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.service.MailManager pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.controller.HomeController.mailManager; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.service.MailManager] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)}

Sorry for a lot of code, but I don't know what can cause that error anymore.

Added

I've created the interface:

@Component
public interface IMailManager {

added implements:

@Component
@Transactional
public class MailManager extends AbstractManager implements IMailManager {

and changed autowired:

@Autowired
public IMailManager mailManager;

But it still throws errors (also when I've tried with @Qualifier)

..Could not autowire field: public pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.service.IMailManager pl.com.radzikowski.webmail.controller.HomeController.mailManager...

I've tried with different combinations of @Component and @Transactional too.

Shouldn't I include beans.xml in web.xml somehow?

You should autowire interface AbstractManager instead of class MailManager. If you have different implemetations of AbstractManager you can write @Component("mailService") and then @Autowired @Qualifier("mailService") combination to autowire specific class.

This is due to the fact that Spring creates and uses proxy objects based on the interfaces.

I had this happen because my tests were not in the same package as my components. (I had renamed my component package, but not my test package.) And I was using @ComponentScan in my test @Configuration class, so my tests weren't finding the components on which they relied.

So, double check that if you get this error.

The thing is that both the application context and the web application context are registered in the WebApplicationContext during server startup. When you run the test you must explicitly tell which contexts to load.

Try this:

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(locations = {"classpath:/beans.xml", "/mvc-dispatcher-servlet.xml"})

Spent much of my time with this! My bad! Later found that the class on which I declared the annotation Service or Component was of type abstract. Had enabled debug logs on Springframework but no hint was received. Please check if the class if of abstract type. If then, the basic rule applied, can't instantiate an abstract class.