Prove this limit without using these techniques, and for beginner students: $\lim_{x\to0} \frac{e^x-1-x}{x^2}=\frac12$

Use the limit laws and the binomial theorem: you have $$\frac{e^x - (1+x)}{x^2} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \left( \frac{ (1+ \frac xn)^n - (1+x)}{x^2} \right) = \lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=2}^n \binom nk \frac{x^{k-2}}{n^k} \\ = \frac 12 + x \left( \lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=3}^n \binom nk \frac{x^{k-3}}{n^k} \right)$$ provided that the limit $ \displaystyle e^x = \lim_{n \to \infty} \left(1 + \frac xn \right)^n$ is assumed to exist.

As a by-product of this computation you get that $$\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{k=3}^n \binom nk \frac{x^{k-3}}{n^k}$$ exists too. With $x=1$ this implies $$\sup_n \sum_{k=3}^n \binom nk \frac{1}{n^k} < \infty$$ and consequently if $|x| \le 1$ then $$\sup_{n} \left| \sum_{k=3}^n \binom nk \frac{x^{k-3}}{n^k} \right| \le \sup_{n} \sum_{k=3}^n \binom nk \frac{|x^{k-3}|}{n^k} \le \sup_n \sum_{k=3}^n \binom nk \frac{1}{n^k} < \infty.$$

So, if $|x| \le 1$ then $$\left| \frac{e^x - (1+x)}{x^2} - \frac 12 \right| \le |x| \sup_n \sum_{k=3}^n \binom nk \frac{1}{n^k}.$$

Now let $x \to 0$.

For every natural $n\ge 2$ we have $$\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\left(1+\frac xn\right)^n-x-1}{x^2}=\lim_{x\to0}\frac{1+n\frac xn+\binom n2\frac{x^2}{n^2}+x^3P(x)-x-1}{x^2}=\frac{n-1}{2n}$$ where $P(x)$ is a polynomial.

This alone does not imply that your limit is $1/2$. We need to assume that the function $$e^x=\lim_{n\to\infty}\left(1+\frac xn\right)^n$$ is defined in some interval $I$ around $0$ (that is, that the limit exists for every $x\in I$) and continuous.

Are derivatives allowed? Assuming the existence of $$L = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{e^x - 1 - x}{x^2} = \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\left(\frac{e^x - 1}x\right) - 1}x$$ it is equal to the derivative of the (continuous) function $$f(x) = \begin{cases} \frac{e^x - 1}x & x \neq 0 \\ 1 & x = 0 \end{cases}$$ at $x = 0$. Thus, we have (formally) $$L = \lim_{t \to 0}\left.\frac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{e^x - 1}x\right)\right|_{x = t} = \lim_{t \to 0} \left(\frac{e^t}t - \frac{e^t - 1}{t^2}\right) = \lim_{t \to 0} \left(\frac{e^t - 1}t - \frac{e^t - 1 - t}{t^2}\right) = 1 - L$$

We have that $f(x)=e^x$ is an increasing convex function, hence for any $\varepsilon>0$ there is a neighbourhood of the origin $U$ where the inequality $$ (1-\varepsilon)x\leq e^x-1 \leq (1+\varepsilon)x \tag{1}$$ holds. If we consider some $z\in U$ and integrate every term of $(1)$ over $(0,z)$ we get $$ (1-\varepsilon)\frac{z^2}{2}\leq e^z-1-z \leq (1+\varepsilon)\frac{z^2}{2}\tag{2} $$ hence $$ \liminf_{z\to 0}\frac{e^z-1-z}{z^2}\geq\frac{1-\varepsilon}{2},\qquad \limsup_{z\to 0}\frac{e^z-1-z}{z^2}\leq \frac{1+\varepsilon}{2} \tag{3}$$ and since $\varepsilon$ is arbitrary, the claim follows.