Is it possible to open an Access 2010 database file without using Wine or VirtualBox?

Yes, we can use the UCanAccess JDBC driver to connect to Access databases (.mdb and .accdb) in LibreOffice Base. Here's how I did it on a clean install of Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.

Important Note:  These instructions apply to UCanAccess version 3.0.5 and later (including version 4.x). Before proceeding, verify that you are using the latest version of UCanAccess, available here.

One-Time Setup

First, I installed LibreOffice Base

sudo apt-get install libreoffice-base

Then I downloaded UCanAccess (bin.zip file) and unzipped it into the folder

~/Downloads/JDBC/UCanAccess

Note: When unzipping the distribution file be sure to specify "Keep directory structure" (or similar, depending on your unzip tool) so the folder structure appears as in the screenshot above.

I launched LibreOffice (not Base, just LibreOffice itself)

and chose Tools > Options

On the Advanced tab I clicked the "Class Path..." button

and then added the following JAR file using the "Add Archive..." button:

/home/gord/Downloads/JDBC/UCanAccess/loader/ucanload.jar

Note that this is ucanload.jar in the loader/ subfolder, not "ucanaccess-x.y.z.jar” in the UCanAccess home folder.

Important: You must close and re-open all LibreOffice (or OpenOffice.org) components for the new "Class Path...” value to take effect. That includes any "quick start” features or other related processes. (If you want to play it safe, simply restart your machine.)

Per-Database Setup

I launched LibreOffice Base, and in Step 1 of the wizard I chose "Connect to an existing database (JDBC)"

The Access file I wanted to manipulate was named "uca301demo.accdb" in my Documents folder, so in Step 2 the "Datasource URL" was …

jdbc:ucanaccess:///home/gord/Documents/uca301demo.accdb

(note that Base supplies the jdbc: prefix for us, so all we need to enter is the remainder of the URL starting with ucanaccess: …)

… and the "JDBC driver class" was

net.ucanaccess.jdbc.UcanloadDriver

In Step 3, I left the "User name" field empty and just clicked "Next >>".

In Step 4, I saved the LibreOffice Base database as "accdbTest.odb" in my Documents folder.

When the wizard completed it opened my LibreOffice database and I could see the tables and saved queries in the .accdb file

Troubleshooting

If you are using a distribution that installs LibreOffice Base by default (e.g., Linux Mint) then you may receive the error

The connection to the data source "MyDatabase" could not be established.

'org.hsqldb.persist.HsqlProperties org.hsqldb.DatabaseURL.parseURL(java.lang.String, boolean, boolean)'

That is because LibreOffice has installed its own (rather old) copy of HSQLDB that conflicts with UCanAccess. To fix that, remove LibreOffice's copy of HSQLDB. For example, on Linux Mint that would be

sudo apt remove libhsqldb1.8.0-java

Also, if LibreOffice Base won't work for whatever reason you can use DBeaver instead. Installing the (free) Community Edition is as easy as

sudo snap install dbeaver-ce

As mentioned here it says it supports Access files but if we look deeper they have only tested in LibreOffice up to Office 2007.

Since you have an Office 2010 I would suggest trying out this link since other users by the look of this have already tried.

Additionally the compatibility shown here says how good LibreOffice Base is when relating to Microsoft Access 2010. At least up to version 3.6.

There is also a question on the Ask Libreoffice site about this that mentions this link where it is said that the 2007 format is different from the 2010 so it will not work correctly in LibreOffice 3.6 or below.

My only recommendation that does not include Wine or VirtualBox would be to use MS Office 2010 to save the Access file as a 2007 version (If possible) or a MDB format. At least while LibreOffice works on improving compatibility with 2010 in general.