How do I turn my source code into an Ubuntu package and how do I get it in the repositories?

This is the best place to start NewPackages it gives you the low down on building and submitting your package. However its not going to happen over night so a short term alternative and something you would need to do at some point any way is set up a launchpad ppa suggested by aking1012 that way you can inform people who would like to use it how to add your ppa and get update of your program and they will be able to give you bug info.

Debian maintainers guide covers making debs: http://www.debian.org/doc/maint-guide/

getting it included in the repos...think there is a registration/review procedure...anyway, it wouldn't get it into official repos, but launchpad is a start.

launchpad is discussed here: https://help.launchpad.net/Packaging/PPA

There are some good packaging answers here:

What is the simplest Debian Packaging Guide?