How to get a single character without pressing enter?

Since ruby 2.0.0, there is a 'io/console' in the stdlib with this feature

require 'io/console'
STDIN.getch

http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/cgi-bin/scat.rb/ruby/ruby-talk/2999

#!/usr/bin/ruby

begin
  system("stty raw -echo")
  str = STDIN.getc
ensure
  system("stty -raw echo")
end
p str.chr

(Tested on my OS X system, may not be portable to all Ruby platforms). See http://www.rubyquiz.com/quiz5.html for some additional suggestions, including for Windows.