Mechanism to sync mail accounts between Mac and iPhone

Is there a way for me to create an account using my Mac's Mail app and have the account sync over to my iPhone or vice versa? I have iCloud setup on both my Mac and iPhone, but I don't see the accounts added on one device syncing over to the other.

No.

(if what you want is a way to configure an account once on a device and have the configuration automagically transferred to other devices.)

This was possible in Mountain Lion and before, through iTunes. Unfortunately Apple has deprecated its Syncserver service, and so now you have to set up each account separately on each device. Frustrating, I agree.

It is possible to synchronize email accounts between Macs. This is what the iCloud Keychain is for. Activating it will sync over all of your accounts (those listed in the Mac Accounts settings). One problem is that it is an all or none setting.

However this doesn't help synchronize email accounts between Mac and iOS.