How do I install (anything) on debian: 'apt is unknown instruction' in Dockerfile

Valid steps in a Dockerfile include FROM, COPY, RUN, CMD, ENTRYPOINT, etc. The reference on the syntax is available at https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/

For your file I'd also recommend looking at the best practices, which would steer you towards:

FROM debain
RUN apt-get update \
 && apt-get install -y \
      wget \
 && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*