Windows could not prepare the computer to boot into the next phase of installation

Solution 1:

Looks like I've found the solution!

1. You should create the bootable USB using WinSetupFromUSB 1.9 with these steps:

   1. Insert the USB
   2. Format the USB using diskpart (NOT QUICK, FAT32)
   3. Delete each partition from the USB
   4. Using WinSetupFromUsb, create the USB

2. Plug the USB into your laptop or whatever it is
   
3. Remove everything plugged except for the setup USB (charger, patch cable, mouse (used touchpad))
4. Before installing, click Shift+F10.
5. Type diskpart
6. Type lis dis. For me, it outputted, that I have 3 disks (29 GB, 460GB, 7420MB)
7. Type sel dis ? where ? is the disk which is NOT a USB and NOT a disk you are using to setup
8. Type clean
9. Type offline
10. Repeat for every disk which is NOT a USB and NOT a disk you are using to setup
11. Type sel dis ?? where ?? is the disk you're using to setup
12. Type lis par. For me, it outputted, that I have 2 partitions (500MB, 100MB)
13. Type sel par n where n is initially 0 but it increases each time you repeat it
14. Type del par. If it outputs any error, ignore it
15. Type sel dis ?? where ?? is the disk you're using to setup
16. Type format without any fs or quick - just format
17. Type exit
18. Continue the setup. When you're suggested about disks, it should have only Unallocated Spaces (formatted) and each disk (except for your main disk) should be offline.
19. Select your main disk (that online one) and continue the setup.

Solution 2:

For me the issue was that i had one EFI system partition existing and the installer was creating a new one. I have marked my USB FAT partition as an EFI System partition and it seemed to have gotten confused. Marking the FAT partition as a "Windows Basic Data" GUID seems to have fixed it.