Why does "extern const int n;" not work as expected?

My project consists of only two source files:

a.cpp:

const int n = 8;

b.cpp:

extern const int n;

int main()
{
    // error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "int const n" (?n@@3HB)
    int m = n; 
}

I know there are several methods to make it work; however, I just wonder WHY it does't work?

Solution 1:

It's because const implies internal linkage by default, so your "definition" isn't visible outside of the translation unit where it appears.

In this case, by far the best solution is to put the declaration (extern int const n;) in a header file, and include that in both a.cpp and b.cpp. The linkage is determined by the first declaration the compiler sees, so the later definition in a.cpp will have the correct (external) linkage.

Alternatively, you can force the linkage in the definition:

extern int const n = 8;

Despite the extern, this is still a definition; anything with an initializer outside of a class definition is a definition.

Solution 2:

const and constexpr variables in C++ have internal linkage (and thus aren't accessible in other compilation unit) if they aren't also declared extern (either in the definition or in a previous declaration).

In C, it isn't the case (well C hasn't constexpr) so your code is valid, and more you can put extern on a definition.

So if you want to write code which is both C and C++ (and the two declarations should probably come from the same header as James pointed out):

// a.cpp
extern const int n;
const int n = 8;

// b.cpp
extern const int n;

int main()
{

    int m = n; 
}

if you don't

// a.cpp
extern const int n = 8;

is also possible

Solution 3:

Declare it extern in a.cpp and just use without extern in b.cpp:

a.h

extern const int n ;

a.cpp

#include "a.h"
...
const int n= 8

b.cpp:

#include "a.h"
...


int main()
{        
    int m = n; 
}

Solution 4:

To share a const object among multiple files, you must define the variable as extern.

To define a single instance of a const variable, we use the keyword extern on both its definition and declaration(s):

From these rules you just need to add the extern keyword in your definition. you already have it in declaration.