Prove, that for any positive integer $n \geqslant 2$ we have the inequality $$ \frac{ 4^n }{ n+1 } < \frac{ (2n)! }{ (n!)^2 }.$$


For $n=2$ the inequality is true. Directly just take and prove inequality for $k+1$ problematically. So, I think we need to find the recurrence relation to one of the members of inequality. Need some hint!


Let $a_n = \frac{4^n}{n+1}$ and $b_n=\frac{(2n)!}{n!^2}=\binom{2n}{n}$. Then $a_1=b_1$ and:

$$ \frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} = 4 \frac{n+1}{n+2},\qquad \frac{b_{n+1}}{b_n} = 2\,\frac{2n+1}{n+1}\tag{1} $$ hence we just need to check that: $$ \forall n\geq 1,\qquad \frac{2n+2}{n+2}< \frac{2n+1}{n+1} \tag{2} $$ holds to prove our claim by induction.


Also notice that: $$\binom{2n}{n}=\sum_{j=0}^{n}\binom{n}{j}^2 > \frac{\left(\sum_{j=0}^{n}\binom{n}{j}\right)^2}{\sum_{j=0}^{n} 1}=\frac{4^n}{n+1}\tag{3}$$ follows from the Vandermonde's identity and the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality.


A simple proof is based on the observation that $\dfrac{(2n)!}{(n!)^2}$ is the central binomial coefficient $\displaystyle{ {2n} \choose n}$.

Look at row $2n$ in the Pascal triangle. The sum of all $n+1$ terms is $2^{2n}= 4^n$. Now, the central binomial coefficient is the largest number in that row and so $4^n \le (n+1){{2n} \choose n}$.

[I've used $a_1 \le M, \dots, a_k \le M$ implies $a_1+\cdots +a_{k} \le kM$.]