What is declarative programming? [closed]

I keep hearing this term tossed around in several different contexts. What is it?

Declarative programming is when you write your code in such a way that it describes what you want to do, and not how you want to do it. It is left up to the compiler to figure out the how.

Examples of declarative programming languages are SQL and Prolog.

The other answers already do a fantastic job explaining what declarative programming is, so I'm just going to provide some examples of why that might be useful.

Context Independence

Declarative Programs are context-independent. Because they only declare what the ultimate goal is, but not the intermediary steps to reach that goal, the same program can be used in different contexts. This is hard to do with imperative programs, because they often depend on the context (e.g. hidden state).

Take yacc as an example. It's a parser generator aka. compiler compiler, an external declarative DSL for describing the grammar of a language, so that a parser for that language can automatically be generated from the description. Because of its context independence, you can do many different things with such a grammar:

• Generate a C parser for that grammar (the original use case for yacc)
• Generate a C++ parser for that grammar
• Generate a Java parser for that grammar (using Jay)
• Generate a C# parser for that grammar (using GPPG)
• Generate a Ruby parser for that grammar (using Racc)
• Generate a tree visualization for that grammar (using GraphViz)
• simply do some pretty-printing, fancy-formatting and syntax highlighting of the yacc source file itself and include it in your Reference Manual as a syntactic specification of your language

And many more …

Optimization

Because you don't prescribe the computer which steps to take and in what order, it can rearrange your program much more freely, maybe even execute some tasks in parallel. A good example is a query planner and query optimizer for a SQL database. Most SQL databases allow you to display the query that they are actually executing vs. the query that you asked them to execute. Often, those queries look nothing like each other. The query planner takes things into account that you wouldn't even have dreamed of: rotational latency of the disk platter, for example or the fact that some completely different application for a completely different user just executed a similar query and the table that you are joining with and that you worked so hard to avoid loading is already in memory anyway.

There is an interesting trade-off here: the machine has to work harder to figure out how to do something than it would in an imperative language, but when it does figure it out, it has much more freedom and much more information for the optimization stage.

Loosely:

Declarative programming tends towards:-

• Sets of declarations, or declarative statements, each of which has meaning (often in the problem domain) and may be understood independently and in isolation.

Imperative programming tends towards:-

• Sequences of commands, each of which perform some action; but which may or may not have meaning in the problem domain.

As a result, an imperative style helps the reader to understand the mechanics of what the system is actually doing, but may give little insight into the problem that it is intended to solve. On the other hand, a declarative style helps the reader to understand the problem domain and the approach that the system takes towards the solution of the problem, but is less informative on the matter of mechanics.

Real programs (even ones written in languages that favor the ends of the spectrum, such as ProLog or C) tend to have both styles present to various degrees at various points, to satisfy the varying complexities and communication needs of the piece. One style is not superior to the other; they just serve different purposes, and, as with many things in life, moderation is key.

Here's an example.

In CSS (used to style HTML pages), if you want an image element to be 100 pixels high and 100 pixels wide, you simply "declare" that that's what you want as follows:

#myImageId {
height: 100px;
width: 100px;
}

You can consider CSS a declarative "style sheet" language.

The browser engine that reads and interprets this CSS is free to make the image appear this tall and this wide however it wants. Different browser engines (e.g., the engine for IE, the engine for Chrome) will implement this task differently.

Their unique implementations are, of course, NOT written in a declarative language but in a procedural one like Assembly, C, C++, Java, JavaScript, or Python. That code is a bunch of steps to be carried out step by step (and might include function calls). It might do things like interpolate pixel values, and render on the screen.

I am sorry, but I must disagree with many of the other answers. I would like to stop this muddled misunderstanding of the definition of declarative programming.

Definition

Referential transparency (RT) of the sub-expressions is the only required attribute of a declarative programming expression, because it is the only attribute which is not shared with imperative programming.

Other cited attributes of declarative programming, derive from this RT. Please click the hyperlink above for the detailed explanation.

Spreadsheet example

Two answers mentioned spreadsheet programming. In the cases where the spreadsheet programming (a.k.a. formulas) does not access mutable global state, then it is declarative programming. This is because the mutable cell values are the monolithic input and output of the main() (the entire program). The new values are not written to the cells after each formula is executed, thus they are not mutable for the life of the declarative program (execution of all the formulas in the spreadsheet). Thus relative to each other, the formulas view these mutable cells as immutable. An RT function is allowed to access immutable global state (and also mutable local state).

Thus the ability to mutate the values in the cells when the program terminates (as an output from main()), does not make them mutable stored values in the context of the rules. The key distinction is the cell values are not updated after each spreadsheet formula is performed, thus the order of performing the formulas does not matter. The cell values are updated after all the declarative formulas have been performed.