Teams for Linux snap application will not start
I posted the issue on the GitHub page. I was advised to try install the deb package instead. Installing from the deb package from the GitHub downloads page worked, and I got Teams for Linux running (at least for now).
[Update 2021-08-19]
As per Nicholoas Saunders' reply, teams-for-linux snap application now seemingly works again. Presumably due to an update.
Since this question was posted Microsoft has added Linux support to their official Teams app. Consequently, teams-for-linux is currently only maintained, and no longer developed. Therefore, it might be worth considering using Microsoft's official app moving forward.