Virtualbox 6.0.4 or 5.138 not working with Kernel 4.4.0-143-generic Xubuntu 16.04

I have host with VirtualBox 5.1.38 and guest running Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS with 4.4.0-143-generic kernel from xenial-proposed.

I can confirm that installing guest additions from virtualbox-guest-x11 APT package does not work. I have the following error message after login:

So I have reported bug 1818148 to LaunchPad.net. And I have discovered that 4.4.0-142-generic is also affected.

But installation from VBoxGuestAdditions_5.1.38.iso works on my guest system.
What is bad - this way is breaking recommendation given in similar Q&A before.

Update: the real bug is 1818049, it was reported on 2019-02-28 10:57:21 UTC.