sync calendar and contacts without iCloud in Mavericks
Solution 1:
I wrote a small open source app for iOS and OS X to do basic calendar synchronization over USB on Mavericks. The iOS app has been submitted to the AppStore and is currently waiting for review.
Update:
I had to rename the app to get accepted, but it is in the iOS AppStore now:
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/devicesync-for-ios/id737867459?mt=8
Please read the AppStore app description before using it!
You have to get the corresponding OS X app from here (Hold ctrl key while double click to open and to get past the "unregistered developer" error).
See DeviceSync-for-OS-X and DeviceSync-for-iOS at github.
This app is open source and hence a collaborative effort. If you are a developer or know some iOS developers, feel free to add missing functionality (send a pull request at github).
Solution 2:
The next version if iTunes is supposed do bring back offline/local calendar and contact synching without iCloud. iTunes 11.1.6 is currently in beta and already contains this feature.
http://www.macrumors.com/2014/03/18/itunes-beta-local-syncing/