Is possible to run the jsc (JavaScriptCore) utility from the command line in Ubuntu, like in OSX?
Install 
rhino and use rhino-jsc (see manpage)
Another solution is to install nodejs:
sudo apt-get install nodejs npm
The above will not always install the most recent version, in which case you can try:
sudo apt-get install python-software-properties python g++ make
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:chris-lea/node.js
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install nodejs
If you prefer to avoid Rhino and stick with the WebKitGTK+ packages, install libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-bin and use /usr/bin/jsc (manpage)