Find all occurrences of a key in nested dictionaries and lists
I have a dictionary like this:
{ "id" : "abcde",
"key1" : "blah",
"key2" : "blah blah",
"nestedlist" : [
{ "id" : "qwerty",
"nestednestedlist" : [
{ "id" : "xyz",
"keyA" : "blah blah blah" },
{ "id" : "fghi",
"keyZ" : "blah blah blah" }],
"anothernestednestedlist" : [
{ "id" : "asdf",
"keyQ" : "blah blah" },
{ "id" : "yuiop",
"keyW" : "blah" }] } ] }
Basically a dictionary with nested lists, dictionaries, and strings, of arbitrary depth.
What is the best way of traversing this to extract the values of every "id" key? I want to achieve the equivalent of an XPath query like "//id". The value of "id" is always a string.
So from my example, the output I need is basically:
["abcde", "qwerty", "xyz", "fghi", "asdf", "yuiop"]
Order is not important.
Solution 1:
I found this Q/A very interesting, since it provides several different solutions for the same problem. I took all these functions and tested them with a complex dictionary object. I had to take two functions out of the test, because they had to many fail results and they did not support returning lists or dicts as values, which i find essential, since a function should be prepared for almost any data to come.
So i pumped the other functions in 100.000 iterations through the timeit module and output came to following result:
0.11 usec/pass on gen_dict_extract(k,o)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
6.03 usec/pass on find_all_items(k,o)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.15 usec/pass on findkeys(k,o)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1.79 usec/pass on get_recursively(k,o)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.14 usec/pass on find(k,o)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0.36 usec/pass on dict_extract(k,o)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
All functions had the same needle to search for ('logging') and the same dictionary object, which is constructed like this:
o = { 'temparature': '50',
'logging': {
'handlers': {
'console': {
'formatter': 'simple',
'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
'stream': 'ext://sys.stdout',
'level': 'DEBUG'
}
},
'loggers': {
'simpleExample': {
'handlers': ['console'],
'propagate': 'no',
'level': 'INFO'
},
'root': {
'handlers': ['console'],
'level': 'DEBUG'
}
},
'version': '1',
'formatters': {
'simple': {
'datefmt': "'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S'",
'format': '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
}
}
},
'treatment': {'second': 5, 'last': 4, 'first': 4},
'treatment_plan': [[4, 5, 4], [4, 5, 4], [5, 5, 5]]
}
All functions delivered the same result, but the time differences are dramatic! The function gen_dict_extract(k,o) is my function adapted from the functions here, actually it is pretty much like the find function from Alfe, with the main difference, that i am checking if the given object has iteritems function, in case strings are passed during recursion:
def gen_dict_extract(key, var):
if hasattr(var,'iteritems'):
for k, v in var.iteritems():
if k == key:
yield v
if isinstance(v, dict):
for result in gen_dict_extract(key, v):
yield result
elif isinstance(v, list):
for d in v:
for result in gen_dict_extract(key, d):
yield result
So this variant is the fastest and safest of the functions here. And find_all_items is incredibly slow and far off the second slowest get_recursivley while the rest, except dict_extract, is close to each other. The functions fun and keyHole only work if you are looking for strings.
Interesting learning aspect here :)
Solution 2:
d = { "id" : "abcde",
"key1" : "blah",
"key2" : "blah blah",
"nestedlist" : [
{ "id" : "qwerty",
"nestednestedlist" : [
{ "id" : "xyz", "keyA" : "blah blah blah" },
{ "id" : "fghi", "keyZ" : "blah blah blah" }],
"anothernestednestedlist" : [
{ "id" : "asdf", "keyQ" : "blah blah" },
{ "id" : "yuiop", "keyW" : "blah" }] } ] }
def fun(d):
if 'id' in d:
yield d['id']
for k in d:
if isinstance(d[k], list):
for i in d[k]:
for j in fun(i):
yield j
>>> list(fun(d))
['abcde', 'qwerty', 'xyz', 'fghi', 'asdf', 'yuiop']
Solution 3:
d = { "id" : "abcde",
"key1" : "blah",
"key2" : "blah blah",
"nestedlist" : [
{ "id" : "qwerty",
"nestednestedlist" : [
{ "id" : "xyz", "keyA" : "blah blah blah" },
{ "id" : "fghi", "keyZ" : "blah blah blah" }],
"anothernestednestedlist" : [
{ "id" : "asdf", "keyQ" : "blah blah" },
{ "id" : "yuiop", "keyW" : "blah" }] } ] }
def findkeys(node, kv):
if isinstance(node, list):
for i in node:
for x in findkeys(i, kv):
yield x
elif isinstance(node, dict):
if kv in node:
yield node[kv]
for j in node.values():
for x in findkeys(j, kv):
yield x
print(list(findkeys(d, 'id')))
Solution 4:
def find(key, value):
for k, v in value.items():
if k == key:
yield v
elif isinstance(v, dict):
for result in find(key, v):
yield result
elif isinstance(v, list):
for d in v:
for result in find(key, d):
yield result
EDIT: @Anthon noticed that this will not work for directly nested lists. If you have this in your input, you can use this:
def find(key, value):
for k, v in (value.items() if isinstance(value, dict) else
enumerate(value) if isinstance(value, list) else []):
if k == key:
yield v
elif isinstance(v, (dict, list)):
for result in find(key, v):
yield result
But I think the original version is easier to understand, so I will leave it.