What is the difference between SQL Server standard and web edition?
Here you can find a comprehensive comparison :
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc645993%28SQL.105%29.aspx
Please note: the Web edition does come with SQL Profiler and management studio
Since newer version(s) of SQL Server have been released, the feature comparison is tucked away in MSDN:
- SQL Server 2019
- SQL Server 2017
- SQL Server 2016
- SQL Server 2014
- SQL Server 2012
- SQL Server 2008 R2
- SQL Server 2008
They're close, but not quite the same. The primary difference is the licensing (as you mention). The other differences are around mirroring (web can only serve as a witness), publishing (web can only subscribe), and performance (web does not come with SQL Profiler).
There are more differences when you get out of the SQL Engine and into SSIS, SSAS, and SSRS.
Full comparison of all editions here