Ping computers when not joined to a domain

Solution 1:

Your http request succeeded, network protocols work, but the get request was denied by the web server due to lack of credentials. This authentication is performed by the web server, and the web server is probably configured to use Windows Integrated authentication.

If you have the ability to configure the web server, there is a work-around here: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/871179

Solution 2:

You have the order of protocol dependencies out of order. Look into the OSI model for an explanation how the different protocols interact. Here's a quick list of some protocols you'll see used.

1. Physical - is the network cable plugged in?
2. Data link - Ethernet, get a MAC address.
3. Network - IPv4 or 6 addresses, ICMP for ping.
4. Transport - TCP (80 or 443) or UDP.
5. Session - SOCKS proxy, sometimes seen in corporate networks.
6. Presentation - TLS, for encryption.
7. Application - HTTP or HTTPS to retrieve a HTML document. LDAP, Kerberos, DNS, for Active Directory (Windows domain).

You'll need some of the lower layers working before the higher layers work. For example, the network cable has to be plugged, and an IP address assigned before you can ping. You also need the network cable plugged in, and an IP address assigned, but you also need to open TCP port 443 and use TLS, before you can retrieve HTML documents, when using HTTPS.