SCP with password authentication only doesn't ask me for password

Solution 1:

The best solution would be to ask the person who disabled publickey authentication on that server why and then go fix that. Using publickey authentication is more convenient and more secure than passwords.

The reason authentication fails for you is that no authentication method is enabled on both client and server. The authentication methods enabled on the server are:

debug1: Authentications that can continue: password

And the authentication methods enabled on the client are:

debug3: preferred publickey,keyboard-interactive

You can pass -o PreferredAuthentications=password to scp to only use password authentication.