gnome-shell: High-CPU usage and huge syslog
Solution 1:
Ok, it seems to have to do with the gnome-shell extension Taskbar by ttux (there a several extensions with that name). After I have deactivated the extension and restarted the system the cpu usage didn't go up anymore and the log messages don't reappear, too!
(On a side note, if you are looking for a Windows 7 or Windows 10 like Taskbar, try the extension "Dash to Panel" - beautiful stuff)