Power of a matrix, given its jordan form

Solution 1:

The $k$-th power of $A$ in $A=MJM^{-1}$ Jordan normal form is $A^k=MJ^kM^{-1}$. Since $J$ is block-diagonal you get the $k$-th power of $J$ as

$$J^k=\begin{bmatrix}J_{m_1}^k(\lambda_1) & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\0 & J_{m_2}^k(\lambda_2) & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\\vdots & \cdots & \ddots & \cdots & \vdots \\0 & \cdots & 0 & J_{m_{s-1}}^k(\lambda_{s-1}) & 0 \\0 & \cdots & \cdots & 0 & J_{m_s}^k(\lambda_s)\end{bmatrix}$$

And last but not least the $k$-th power of $m_i \times m_i$ Jordan blocks is

$$J_{m_i}^k(\lambda_i)=\begin{bmatrix}\lambda_i^k & {k \choose 1}\lambda_i^{k-1} & {k \choose 2}\lambda_i^{k-2} & \cdots & {k \choose m_i-1}\lambda_i^{k-m_i+1} \\0 & \lambda_i^k & {k \choose 1}\lambda_i^{k-1} & \cdots & {k \choose m_i-2}\lambda_i^{k-m_i+2} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\0 & 0 & \cdots & \lambda_i^k & {k \choose 1}\lambda_i^{k-1} \\0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & \lambda_i^k\end{bmatrix},$$ where $k \geq m_i-1$.

You can find more some hints at Jordan normal form wikipedia article or at Jordan Canonical Form wikibook. The Spectral radius wikipedia article could be also interesting for you.