Can't enable Apple Two Step Authentication
Solution 1:
I missed it the first time. It should be at the top. of the the Security page.
Solution 2:
Unless your password is a complex one and has been changed recently, the most logical problem is that your password isn't new enough for the system to offer you the two-step authorization change.
It is a bit of a pain to change the password (since you will need to change it everywhere - perhaps multiple times on each Computer and iOS device), but once you've made a new password, you should be able to quit your browser and then log in anew and see the request two-step authorization wording and controls.
Do note, that you may have to wait at least 3 days from the time you changed your password to request two-step, and once you request it, you may have a second 3 day wait period to ensure that all the emails Apple sends have a chance to be delivered.
This is to protect you from someone else enabling two-step authentication and allow you to contact Apple and stop your account from being hijacked.
Also, I wouldn't go to an Apple retail store for support with Apple ID. They can't log in to your account or do anything but help you fill out the web form for support. Yes, they may have someone who knows how it's supposed to to work, but your details show you understand how it should work and you might just need to open a support ticket with Apple ID support if you can't enable things yourself.