Is it possible to re-name crew-members in-game?
Added in v1.54, the Advanced Edition. Changelog:
Rename mid game: Rename any crewmember from the Crew Manifest screen
According to the FTL website, the coming expansion, FTL: Advanced Edition, will allow renaming of crew mid-game. Coming in "early 2014". Keep your eyes peeled!
With the free expansion "Advanced Edition" you're now able to rename any crew member from the crew manifest screen.