Can't install Ubuntu anymore, no caching found

If I understand your question what you should do is recreate the bootable USB. You don't mention how you created it but it sounds like you may have done something undesirable to it when you "deleted more than I should have"

I would recommend using dd for this task rather than 3rd party software as it's always been more reliable for me.

WARNING: Make absolutely certain you are choosing the correct device for output as there are no training wheels with dd

The command line should look something like dd if=input.iso of=targetdevice

for more detail see man dd or the link under source:

Source:

http://osxdaily.com/2015/06/05/copy-iso-to-usb-drive-mac-os-x-command/

It seems that you have a bad superblock. To fix this:

Firstly, boot into a live CD or USB

Find out your partition number by using

 sudo fdisk -l|grep Linux|grep -Ev 'swap'

Then, list all superblocks by using the command:

 sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sda2 | grep superblock

Replace sda2 to your drive number

You should get a similar output like this

 Primary superblock at 0, Group descriptors at 1-6 Backup superblock at 32768, Group descriptors at 32769-32774 Backup superblock at 98304, Group descriptors at 98305-98310 Backup superblock at 163840, Group descriptors at 163841-163846 Backup superblock at 229376, Group descriptors at 229377-229382 Backup superblock at 294912, Group descriptors at 294913-294918 Backup superblock at 819200, Group descriptors at 819201-819206 Backup superblock at 884736, Group descriptors at 884737-884742 Backup superblock at 1605632, Group descriptors at 1605633-1605638 Backup superblock at 2654208, Group descriptors at 2654209-2654214 Backup superblock at 4096000, Group descriptors at 4096001-4096006 Backup superblock at 7962624, Group descriptors at 7962625-7962630 Backup superblock at 11239424, Group descriptors at 11239425-11239430 Backup superblock at 20480000, Group descriptors at 20480001-20480006 Backup superblock at 23887872, Group descriptors at 23887873-23887878

Choose an alternate superblock from this list, for this case alternate superblock # 32768

Now, to check and repair a Linux file system using alternate superblock # 32768:

 sudo fsck -b 32768 /dev/sda2 -y

The -y flag is used to skip all the Fix? questions and to answer them all with a yes automatically

You should get similar output like this:

 fsck 1.40.2 (12-Jul-2007) e2fsck 1.40.2 (12-Jul-2007) /dev/sda2 was not cleanly unmounted, check forced. Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes Pass 2: Checking directory structure Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity Pass 4: Checking reference counts Pass 5: Checking group summary information Free blocks count wrong for group #241 (32254, counted=32253). Fix? yes Free blocks count wrong for group #362 (32254, counted=32248). Fix? yes Free blocks count wrong for group #368 (32254, counted=27774). Fix? yes .......... /dev/sda2: ***** FILE SYSTEM WAS MODIFIED ***** /dev/sda2: 59586/30539776 files (0.6% non-contiguous), 3604682/61059048 blocks

Now try mounting the partition

 sudo mount /dev/sda2 /mnt

Now, try to browse the filesystem with the following commands

  cd /mnt mkdir test ls -l cp file /path/to/safe/location

If you are able to perform the above commands, you have most probably fixed your error.

Now, restart you computer and you should be able to boot normally.

Source:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/recover-bad-superblock-from-corrupted-partition/