Can't boot MacBook Pro 13" (mid 2010)

The problem occurred after installing the update SMC 1.6 on Apple - OS X Mountain Lion:

• First for a long time was a white screen and noisy cooler

• After the system battery icon was crossed out and the indicator on the left side of macbook does not show anything and everything worked cooler at high speed (he was cold macbook)

• After reboot appeared crossed circle and the system has stopped running

• I took out the hard drive and connected via a USB adapter to the same Macbook pro and have to boot from my hard drive - as a result the system has booted and gave to make a full backup timemachine

• My macbook does not boot with any device (Hdd, Usb flash, DVD, other HDD) while on other laptops these devices make it possible to boot

  Any ideas?

It looks like you Mac doesn't detect an OS on the drive (or the OS is corrupted...) at least, that's what the crossed circle means. It's trying to boot, but it's missing some files in the System folder.

There are some solutions to this issue:

If your MacBook Pro is still able to "boot" (meaning, it reacts when pressing the power button):

• Select your start-up disk:
  Hold the alt button immediately after pressing the power button until some drives appear on the screen. Now select you Macintosh HD to start up from.
• Try to force start from your system folder:
  Press the X immediately after pressing the power button. It will force the Mac to start up from your Mac OS X. If this works, go to System Preferences and make sure your folder is the System Folder.
• Boot from a bootable drive (like a Mountain Lion Startup USB disk) and re-install the OS. I sure hope you have a back-up of your files...

If your MacBook Pro isn't able to "boot" (same meaning as above):

• Unplug the drive and connect it to another computer. Try to access the drive as an external hard drive, take a backup of your files and format the drive.
  After that, plug it back in your MacBook Pro and use the last bullet of above to re-install your OS.

Since I've been there and struggling for many hours to get things working, I think of myself as a semi-expert :)
So, if you've any questions at all, feel free to ask.