Undefined reference to main - collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

I'm trying to compile a program (called es3), but, when I write from terminal:

gcc es3.c -o es3

it appears this message:

/usr/lib/gcc/i686-linux-gnu/4.4.5/../../../../lib/crt1.o: In function `_start':
(.text+0x18): undefined reference to `main'
collect2: ld returned 1 exit status

What could I do?

Solution 1:

It means that es3.c does not define a main function, and you are attempting to create an executable out of it. An executable needs to have an entry point, thereby the linker complains.

To compile only to an object file, use the -c option:

gcc es3.c -c
gcc es3.o main.c -o es3

The above compiles es3.c to an object file, then compiles a file main.c that would contain the main function, and the linker merges es3.o and main.o into an executable called es3.

Solution 2:

Perhaps your main function has been commented out because of e.g. preprocessing. To learn what preprocessing is doing, try gcc -C -E es3.c > es3.i then look with an editor into the generated file es3.i (and search main inside it).

First, you should always (since you are a newbie) compile with

  gcc -Wall -g -c es3.c
  gcc -Wall -g es3.o -o es3

The -Wall flag is extremely important, and you should always use it. It tells the compiler to give you (almost) all warnings. And you should always listen to the warnings, i.e. correct your source code file es3.C till you got no more warnings.

The -g flag is important also, because it asks gcc to put debugging information in the object file and the executable. Then you are able to use a debugger (like gdb) to debug your program.

To get the list of symbols in an object file or an executable, you can use nm.

Of course, I'm assuming you use a GNU/Linux system (and I invite you to use GNU/Linux if you don't use it already).

Solution 3:

Executable file needs a main function. See below hello world demo.

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
        printf("Hello world!\n");
        return 0;
}

As you can see there is a main function. if you don't have this main function, ld will report "undefined reference to main' "

check my result:

$ cat es3.c
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
    printf("Hello world!\n");
    return 0;
}
$ gcc -Wall -g -c es3.c
$ gcc -Wall -g es3.o -o es3
~$ ./es3
Hello world! 

please use $ objdump -t es3.o to check if there is a main symbol. Below is my result.

$ objdump -t es3.o

es3.o:     file format elf32-i386

SYMBOL TABLE:
00000000 l    df *ABS*  00000000 es3.c
00000000 l    d  .text  00000000 .text
00000000 l    d  .data  00000000 .data
00000000 l    d  .bss   00000000 .bss
00000000 l    d  .debug_abbrev  00000000 .debug_abbrev
00000000 l    d  .debug_info    00000000 .debug_info
00000000 l    d  .debug_line    00000000 .debug_line
00000000 l    d  .rodata        00000000 .rodata
00000000 l    d  .debug_frame   00000000 .debug_frame
00000000 l    d  .debug_loc     00000000 .debug_loc
00000000 l    d  .debug_pubnames        00000000 .debug_pubnames
00000000 l    d  .debug_aranges 00000000 .debug_aranges
00000000 l    d  .debug_str     00000000 .debug_str
00000000 l    d  .note.GNU-stack        00000000 .note.GNU-stack
00000000 l    d  .comment       00000000 .comment
00000000 g     F .text  0000002b main
00000000         *UND*  00000000 puts